What type of anemia is characterized by neurological deficits?

Pernicious anemia is characterized by neurological deficits due to its association with vitamin B12 deficiency. This type of anemia occurs when the body cannot absorb vitamin B12 properly, often due to a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein necessary for the absorption of this vitamin in the intestine. Vitamin B12 plays a crucial role in the proper functioning of the nervous system and the formation of red blood cells. When vitamin B12 levels are low, it can lead to demyelination of nerves, resulting in neurological symptoms such as numbness, tingling, balance issues, and cognitive changes.

In contrast, other types of anemia such as iron deficiency anemia primarily affect red blood cell production without causing neurological manifestations. Aplastic anemia involves a failure of the bone marrow to produce sufficient blood cells and may lead to fatigue and increased risk of bleeding but does not typically cause neurological deficits. Sickle cell anemia primarily affects the shape of red blood cells, leading to pain and organ damage, but does not directly cause neurological symptoms associated with vitamin B12 deficiency.